European Union Intensifies Cybersecurity Measures Amid Rising Threats

In response to escalating cyber threats, the European Union (EU) has launched a series of initiatives aimed at bolstering cybersecurity across member states, enhancing digital infrastructure resilience, and asserting technological sovereignty.

Cyber Resilience Act: Strengthening Digital Product Security

In October 2024, the EU adopted the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA), establishing stringent cybersecurity requirements for products with digital elements. The CRA mandates that manufacturers conduct cyber risk assessments prior to market entry, maintain comprehensive data inventories for up to a decade, and promptly report security incidents to the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) within 24 hours. Non-compliance could result in fines of up to €15 million or 2.5% of global annual turnover.

Iris2 Satellite Program: Ensuring Secure Connectivity

In December 2024, the EU unveiled the €10 billion Iris2 space program, aiming to deploy a constellation of 290 satellites to provide secure and independent communication channels. This initiative seeks to enhance cybersecurity by reducing reliance on non-EU satellite networks and is positioned as a competitor to existing services like Elon Musk's Starlink. Operational services are projected to commence by 2030.

Sanctions Framework Against Cyber Aggressors

In October 2024, the EU established a framework to impose sanctions on individuals and entities responsible for cyberattacks, information manipulation, and acts of sabotage, particularly those acting on behalf of state actors like Russia. This measure responds to increased disruptive activities, including satellite communication interference and physical attacks, aiming to deter malign cyber activities that threaten EU security and values.

Debate Over Digital Surveillance Measures

The EU's proposal to mandate the scanning of all digital platform messages to combat child sexual abuse material (CSAM) has sparked controversy. Critics argue that the necessary technology could compromise encryption, expose users to security vulnerabilities, and set a precedent for broader surveillance, potentially infringing on privacy rights. Proponents contend that such measures are essential for protecting vulnerable individuals online.

Industry Advocacy for Cybersecurity Certification

On February 28, 2025, twenty-three European industry groups called on EU tech chief Henna Virkkunnen to expedite the adoption of the EU Cybersecurity Certification Scheme (EUCS) for cloud services. The updated draft, revised in 2024, aims to assist governments and businesses in selecting secure cloud providers. However, it has faced criticism for potentially favoring major tech companies like Amazon, Google, and Microsoft.

These developments underscore the EU's commitment to enhancing cybersecurity, fostering secure digital environments, and asserting technological autonomy in an increasingly interconnected world.